博彩平台养
林地田鼠

(草原pinetorum 惊艳): 桑德斯,D. A. 1988. 阿迪朗达克哺乳动物. State University of New York, College of Environmental Science 和林业. 216pp

顺序: 啮齿目
家庭: 仓鼠科

范围及生境

其范围是美国东部的大部分地区.S., extreme southeastern Ontario, and Southwestern 魁北克. Mammal collectors have taken this species from the southeastern periphery of the Adirondack park, but records are few and the absence of the woodland vole from many small mammal surveys suggests that populations are small and widely separated. 的 difficulties associated with locating a small burrowing species may make this 分布的表象大于实际.

都是拉丁语 pinetorum and another common name, the pine 田鼠, refer to a habitat this rodent occupies only 在东南部. In the Adirondacks, it chiefly resides in deciduous and mixed forests where soils are loose and covered with a thick leaf litter. 林地田鼠则不然 create surface runways, but dig shallow tunnels 2.5-5.直径0厘米(1-2英寸) 渗透到森林地面，深达7层.6-10.0厘米(3-4英寸)，有时更深. Many tunnels are just under the matted layer of organic debris. 巢15-18厘米(6-7 in) in diameter and made from dry leaves, grass, and rootlets are either a few centimeters underground or near the surface and under objects such as logs. 每个巢有几个 通向相邻隧道的开口.

食物和摄食行为

林地田鼠 are herbivores although they occasionally eat insects and carrion. 的y eat a variety of herbaceous plants, but prefer grasses and sedges. 茎 and underground structures (roots, rhizomes, stolons, tubers, bulbs, corms) more than green foliage form much of the summer diet, which this vole obtains by tunneling. Seeds, nuts, and fruits are major components of the autumn diet. 里面的树皮和 small roots of woody plants, as well as plant parts and seeds cached underground during 秋天，是冬天的食物. Where woodland voles inhabit orchards and nurseries, they are notorious for their damage to fruit trees and ornamental plants, eating roots 在雪下.

活动和运动

林地田鼠 neither climb nor swim well, and spend much of their time walking or 在隧道系统内运行. 的y excavate tunnels by loosening the soil with their front teeth and feet, kicking the particles backwards, and stooping periodically to turn around and shove the particles to the surface with their heads. 浅丘 of soil accumulate on the surface but are often hidden under the leaf litter. 期 of activity alternate with rest throughout a 24 hour period, and at all times of the 一年. Winter activity occurs at the interface of snow and soil, or underground. 在 the remainder of the 一年, woodland voles are most active on the surface during the 数小时的黑暗.

繁殖

Breeding may take place during any month of the 一年, but in this region, woodland voles are more apt to breed from early spring until late autumn. 雌性可以生育 很多窝，但平均每年只有1-2窝. 妊娠期的长度为 20-24 days, and the usual litter size is 3 or 4 (extremes 1-6). 出生时，是一片林地 田鼠重约2磅.6g (0.09 oz), is blind, and apart from tiny whiskers and a few 背上毛茸茸的毛，赤裸着. 的 eyes open at 7-9 days, about the same age as a coat of hair and the ability to crawl vigorously develop. 17-21岁完成断奶 2-3个月开始繁殖. 潜在的寿命至少是 14 months, but adults are unlikely to survive more than 2-3 months.

捕食者

Some of the predators of the woodland vole are the northern harrier, red-tailed and broad-winged hawks; great horned, barred, and screech owls; red and gray foxes, mink, 浣熊和负鼠.

社会行为

社会制度

的 mating relationships and social organization of the woodland vole are unknown. A few observations (several adults sharing the same tunnel system; three females bearing litters in a communal nest) made throughout the range suggest this vole is tolerant of its neighbors, gregarious, and possibly, monogamous. 成年男女都有 0的小范围.1-0.2 ha (0.25-0.5英亩)重叠，并倾向于留在里面 these home ranges or gradually shift them in response to depleted food supplies. 平均 densities in forested habitat are 15-25 voles per ha (6-10 per acre) and are relatively 和草地田鼠比起来很稳定. 果园中的林地田鼠可能存在于较高的海拔 densities, in one instance estimated at 625 individuals per ha (250 per acre). 

沟通

Anal and hip glands are probable sources of products regulating social behavior, but the chemical ecology and other facets of communication are not known. 的扩大 hip glands of breeding males may elicit aggressive behavior from receptive females 这导致了交配. Adults vocalize in aggressive or alarm contexts, producing one to multiple-note calls often described as chattering or chirping.

额外的引用

本顿,.H. 1955. Observations on the life history of the northern pine mouse. 哺乳动物杂志， 36:L52-62.

古尔力,R.S. 和M.E. 里士满. 1972. 纽约果园里的田鼠种群. Pp. 第61-71条. N.Y. 松鼠研讨会-金斯顿. New York Bureau of sport fisheries special report. 75pp.

汉密尔顿,W.J., Jr. 1938. 北松鼠的生活史记录. 哺乳动物学报，19:163-170.

柯克帕特里克,R.L. 和G.L. 情人节. 1970. 圈养松田鼠的繁殖; 草原pinetorum. 哺乳动物学报，51 (1):779-785.

米勒,维.H. 和L.L. 男孩旁边. 1969. 生活史笔记: 草原pinetorum in central Connecticut, 哺乳动物杂志， 50:777-784.

保罗,我.R. 1970. Observations on the ecology , populations, and reproductive biology of the pine 田鼠, 草原pinetorum北卡罗来纳州. Illinois State Museum Report Investigation, 20:1-28.

雷诺,G.S. 1960. 三窝在松木老鼠窝里. 哺乳动物学报，41 (1):275.

美国米.H. 和G.M. Butterstein. 1979. 松田鼠的繁殖 草原pinetorum. 哺乳动物学报，60:841-844.

Smolen, M.J. 1981. 草原pinetorum. 哺乳动物物种，147,7页.